Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta
Prince Amedeo | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Duke of Aosta | |||||
| In office 4 July 1931 – 3 March 1942 | |||||
| Preceded by | Emanuele Filiberto | ||||
| Succeeded by | Aimone | ||||
.svg){kind=small} 3rd Governor-General of Italian East Africa 3rd Viceroy of Italian Ethiopia | |||||
| In office 21 December 1937 – 19 May 1941 | |||||
| Monarch | Victor Emmanuel III | ||||
| Minister of the Colonies | Benito Mussolini Attilio Teruzzi | ||||
| Preceded by | Rodolfo Graziani | ||||
| Succeeded by | Pietro Gazzera (acting) | ||||
| Born | 21 October 1898 Turin, Kingdom of Italy | ||||
| Died | 3 March 1942 (aged 43) Nairobi, Kenya Colony | ||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue |
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| House | Savoy | ||||
| Father | Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta | ||||
| Mother | Princess Hélène of Orléans | ||||
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Prince Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta (Amedeo Umberto Isabella Luigi Filippo Maria Giuseppe Giovanni di Savoia-Aosta; 21 October 1898 – 3 March 1942) was the third Duke of Aosta and a first cousin once removed of the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III. During World War II, he was the Italian Viceroy of Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI).
Biography
[edit]Amedeo was born in Turin, Piedmont, to Prince Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta (son of Amadeo I of Spain and Princess Maria Vittoria), and Princess Hélène (daughter of Prince Philippe of Orléans and Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans). As his patrilinal great-grandfather was King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, he was a member of the House of Savoy. He was known from birth by the courtesy title of Duke of Apulia.
Amedeo was a very tall man (in stark contrast of the King who was known to be quite short). According to Amedeo Guillet, he was once referred to by a journalist as "Your Highness" (which in Italian could also be interpreted to mean "your height"). The Duke replied in jest: "198 centimetres" (6 feet, 6 inches).
Education and early military career
[edit]Amedeo was educated at St David's College, Reigate, Surrey, in England.[1] He cultivated British mannerisms, spoke Oxford English, and even enjoyed the pastimes of fox hunting and polo.[citation needed] Amedeo entered the Nunziatella, the military academy in Naples, joined the Italian Royal Army (Regio Esercito) and fought with distinction in the artillery during World War I. He left the army in 1921 and traveled widely in Africa.
Amedeo subsequently rejoined the Italian armed forces and became a pilot. In 1932, he joined the Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica). Amedeo served under Marshal Rodolfo Graziani and Libyan Governor Pietro Badoglio during later stages of the so-called "pacification of Libya" (1911 to 1932). Amedeo and his fellow airmen harried the Senussi forces of Omar Mukhtar from the sky.[2] When hostilities in Libya came to an end in early 1932, much was made of the participation of the "Duke of Apulia" as the commander of the airmen who forced the Senussi to flee Libya and seek relief in Egypt.[3] Amedeo, portrayed by the tall actor Sky du Mont, appears in several non-flying scenes with Graziani in the movie The Lion of the Desert,[4] about the Italian conquest of Libya.
On 4 July 1931, upon the death of his father, Amedeo became the Duke of Aosta.
Viceroy and governor-general
[edit]In 1937, after the Italian conquest of Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the Duke of Aosta replaced Marshal Graziani as Viceroy and as Governor-General of Italian East Africa. It was generally conceded that he was a vast improvement over Graziani. As Viceroy and Governor-General, he was also the Commander-in-Chief of all Italian military forces in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somaliland.
World War II
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When Italy declared war on the United Kingdom and France on 10 June 1940, he became the commander of the Italian forces in what is known as the East African Campaign of World War II. He oversaw the initial Italian advances into the Sudan and Kenya and, in August, he oversaw the Italian invasion of British Somaliland.[5]
In January 1941, the British launched a counter-invasion and the Italians went on the defensive in East Africa. The Italians fought throughout February. But, after fierce resistance, the Battle of Keren ended in Italian defeat,[6] after which the rest of Eritrea, including the port of Massawa, fell quickly. On 31 January, he reported that the Italian military forces in East Africa were down to 67 operational aircraft with limited fuel stocks. With supplies running low and with no chance of re-supply, he opted to concentrate the remaining Italian forces into several strongholds: Gondar, Amba Alagi, Dessie, and Gimma. He himself commanded the 7,000 Italians at the mountain fortress of Amba Alagi. With his water supply compromised, surrounded, and besieged by 9,000 British and Commonwealth troops and more than 20,000 Ethiopian irregulars, he surrendered Amba Alagi on 18 May 1941. Due to the gallant resistance of the Italian garrison, the British allowed them to surrender with honours of war.[7][8]
Death
[edit]Shortly after his surrender, he was interned in a prisoner-of-war camp in Nairobi, Kenya. He was placed in command of his fellow prisoners, but never saw the end of World War II. On 3 March 1942, shortly after his internment, he died at the prison camp, reportedly as a result of complications from both tuberculosis and malaria.[9] Amedeo was succeeded by his brother, Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta.
Aftermath
[edit]Amedeo was well known and highly regarded for being a gentleman. In one instance, before he fled his headquarters at Addis Ababa, he wrote a note to the British to thank them in advance for protecting the women and children in the cities.
Count Galeazzo Ciano, Italian Foreign Minister under his father-in-law Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, paid Amedeo a high compliment in his famous diaries. Upon being given the news of the Duke's death Ciano wrote, "So dies the image of a Prince and an Italian. Simple in his ways, broad in outlook, and humane in spirit."
Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia was also impressed by the respect and care that the Duke of Aosta showed to the exiled Emperor's personal property left behind in Addis Ababa. In a gesture of thanks, the Emperor during his state visit to Italy in 1953 invited the widowed Duchess of Aosta to tea during his stay in Milan, but was then informed by the Italian government that receiving the Duchess would cause offence to the Italian Republic, and so the Emperor cancelled the visit.[citation needed] Instead he invited the 5th Duke of Aosta to Ethiopia in the mid-1960s, and accorded him all the protocol due to visiting royalty.[citation needed]
Family
[edit]Amedeo was married 5 November 1927, in Naples, to his first cousin Princess Anne of Orléans (1906–1986),[10] daughter of Prince Jean, Duke of Guise, and his wife, Princess Isabelle of Orléans.
They had two daughters:
- Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta (7 April 1930 Capodimonte Palace - 10 January 2022); married Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este (son of the last Austrian emperor, Charles I) on 28 December 1953. They had five children.[citation needed]
- Princess Maria Cristina of Savoy-Aosta (12 September 1933 at Miramare Castle - 18 November 2023 at Brasil); married Prince Casimir of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, son of Prince Gabriel of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and his second wife, Princess Cecylia Lubomirska, on 29 January 1967. They had four children.[citation needed]
Cultural depictions
[edit]Prince Amedeo's time in Italian Cyrenaica was depicted in the 1981 film Lion of the Desert; Amedeo was played by Sky du Mont.[11]
Amedeo was also briefly mentioned in A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway.
See also
[edit]- Colonial heads of Italian East Africa
- East African Campaign (World War II)
- History of Libya as Italian Colony
- Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Ancestry
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References
[edit]- ^ Hanson, The Wandering Princess, 161. The school is often mis-identified as St Andrew's College.
- ^ Time Magazine, Muktar
- ^ Time Magazine, Peace in Libya
- ^ Lion of the Desert - Wikipedia Lion of the Desert
- ^ Time Magazine, War Without Water
- ^ Time Magazine, Last Act in East Africa
- ^ Fuller, J.F.C. (1993). The Second World War, 1939-45 : a strategical and tactical history. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780306805066.
- ^ Time Magazine Aosta on Alag?
- ^ Time Magazine, Died. Prince Amedeo di Savoia, Duke of Aosta
- ^ "Italian Royal Wedding 1927". British Pathe News.
- ^ Monte, Stefania Del (November 14, 2015). Staging Memory: Myth, Symbolism and Identity in Postcolonial Italy and Libya. PL Academic Research. ISBN 9783631661253 – via Google Books.
- Hanson, Edward (2017). The Wandering Princess: Princess Helene of France, Duchess of Aosta (1871–1951). Fonthill. ISBN 978-1-78155-592-7.
External links
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